夜間捕食者視覺引誘訊號影響成因之探討

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Title:	夜間捕食者視覺引誘訊號影響成因之探討
Other Titles:	What affects visual luring signal design of a nocturnal sensory exploiter?
Authors:	賴正慧 Lai, Cheng-Hui
Contributors:	卓逸民 Tso, I-Min 東海大學生命科學系
Keywords:	茶色姬鬼蜘;夜間的捕食者;視覺訊號設計 Neoscona punctigera;nocturnal predator;visual signal design
Date:	2009
Issue Date:	2011-02-21T08:06:46Z (UTC)
Abstract:	訊號的傳遞出現在同種或不同種的個體之間，訊號發送者可以利用不同形式的訊號使接受者產生有利於發送者的反應。一些捕食者會利用欺騙的視覺訊號來吸引獵物，因此視覺訊號的設計是非常重要的。以前針對日行性蜘蛛的研究結果顯示，一些結圓網蜘蛛能夠利用明亮的體色來吸引昆蟲，然而蜘蛛明亮顏色的訊號也被發現到會吸引捕食者；因此現今多數日間結圓網蜘蛛的體色可能反映出吸引獵物和躲避捕食者兩種壓力間的權衡。許多結圓網蜘蛛在夜間捕食，而以前的研究顯示有些也會使用視覺訊號吸引獵物，是什麼因素影響夜間捕食者用來色誘獵物的訊號設計？在本研究中，我藉由在夜間捕食的結圓網蜘蛛－茶色姬鬼蜘，來探討影響夜間視覺訊號設計的因素。首先我測量各種色紙的反射光譜，並選取最適合者製作蜘蛛的模型。利用這些模型我進行以下之操控：（1）訊號波長、（2）訊號形狀及（3）訊號強度。野外實驗結果顯示具有典型茶色姬鬼蜘色斑之模型的網子比空網顯著的吸引到更多獵物。當訊號排列的形式改變，獵物的吸引率並沒有顯著的不同。但是當訊號的波長改變時，獵物的吸引率則顯著的減少。與前人研究結果不同的是訊號強度的提高並不會使獵物的吸引率顯著增加。本研究結果顯示茶色姬鬼蜘目前之色斑形式具最佳之獵物誘引能力。此夜間訊號剝削者之誘引訊號，可能藉由擬態獵物之食物資源之某些重要特質而對其具有吸引力。 Individuals of the same or different species communicate by using various modes of signals. Signalers use different signals to make receivers to behave in ways beneficial to them. Some predators use deceptive visual signals to lure prey and therefore the design of visual signal is very important. Results of previous studies on diurnal spiders show that the bright body coloration of some orb weaving spiders are attractive to insects. However, the bright color signals of spiders were also found to be attractive to predators. Therefore, the current body coloration pattern of numerous diurnal orb- weaving spiders might reflect a trade-off between pressures of attracting prey and avoiding predators. Many orb-weaving spiders hunt exclusively nocturnally and previous studies showed that some also use visual signal to lure prey. What are the factors determining the visual lure signal design of a strictly nocturnal predator? In this study, I evaluated factors influencing nocturnal visual signal design by studying a nocturnal orb weaving spider, Necoscona punctigera. First, I measured reflectance spectra of various kinds of colored cardboard papers and used them to make dummies. I manipulated chromatic property, signal intensity and signal form to evaluate these treatments’ effects on nocturnal insect attractiveness. The results of field experiments showed that webs containing dummies with standard signal form attracted significantly more prey than webs without dummies. When the arrangement pattern of signal was changed, the prey attraction rate was not significantly affected. When signal chromatic properties were changed, prey attraction rate was significantly reduced. Enlarging signal intensity of dummies did not significantly increase their prey attraction ability. Results of my study show that body coloration pattern of Neoscona punctigera is the most effective in visually attracting prey. This nocturnal sensory exploiter’s luring signal may mimic some important attributes of prey’s resources and thus is attractive to them.
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