| Abstract: | 摘要本研究由生命歷程探索獨居女性老人生命經驗與老年準備，計深入訪談十三位獨居未婚女性老人，年齡從57歲到 84歲，橫跨前嬰兒潮二期、一期世代與嬰兒潮世代，計三個世代，主要發現：一、獨居未婚女性老人個別差異現象，每一位各有其獨特生命歷程，老年經濟生活呈現救助型經濟、儲蓄型經濟、年金型經濟、資產型經濟四種類型。二、有感/無感性別意識與不平等的生命歷程，每位研究參與者從生活經驗對性別意識感受不同，但從女性主義觀點，研究參與者幾乎都歷經不同程度或面向的不平等。包括：教育機會、家戶地位與勞動市場上的不平等；並因習於照顧者角色，漠視自己的權益，也未查覺自己的照顧需求。三、未婚因素不同生命階段與世代的差異，適婚年齡（尋求配偶）與中高年（找老伴）之不同生命階段的不結婚理由有所不同；且經濟、社會文化與擇偶方式的變化，牽動不同世代的未婚理由。四、獨居歷程與個人及親人生命發展階段有關，本研究發現獨居歷程有四種路徑，主要跟個人出外就業、父母死亡、手足成家等形成沒有可供居住人口有關，同時因健康因素容許能夠獨居。五、獨居未婚女性老人社會關係網絡發展有別，獨居未婚女性老人親屬關係依靠「父母」與「手足」雙軸心關係來轉動，當父母去世或手足去世，將影響親屬關係的發展，且父母去世時間與個人生命發展階段不同，帶動不同影響；綜觀本研究參與者的社會關係，呈現：1、固著型（原點型）；2、同質型（水平型）；3、異質型（垂直型）三種類型。六、知覺性支持對獨居未婚女性老人具有重要意義，一般老人社會支持研究，都偏重在情感性的、具體物質的、訊息的支持研究，本研究參與者都未與親屬或朋友同住，前三項支持相對缺乏近便性或社會規範性，知覺性的支持，反而讓獨居未婚女性老人可以擁有社會支持的信心，對其生活安全感非常具有意義。七、獨居未婚女性老人之老年準備個別化現象與世代差異，本研究參與者對老年準備概念，有不同解讀，準備的項目也有個別化與世代差別，例如出生嬰兒潮世代者相對擁有較多元的理財工具，儲蓄之外，尚有基金、股票、保險、房地產等，前嬰兒潮世代者少用儲蓄以外的理財工具。八、生命歷程人性動能原則核心論與個別化，生命歷程七原則交互影響生命經驗的進展，每項原則也不是平行或等比例的進行，每個人所受的牽動力道不同，牽引出不一樣的生命經驗。而這七項原則主要以人性動能原則為核心，其他六項原則都在輔助或限縮人性動能原則的運作。關鍵詞：生命歷程、老年準備、未婚階段因素、獨居歷程、社會關係類型、父母與手足雙軸心親屬關係、老年經濟生活類型、世代差異
AbstractThis exploratory study on the life course and preparation for old age among unmarried older women living alone. In-depth interview were used on 13 female unmarried elders living alone, whose ages were from 57 years old to 84 years old. These elders belong to 3 cohorts, which across ex-baby boom stage 1,2, and baby boom. And the result as follows:1. Unique life courses were exist and caused the differences between these female unmarried elders living alone. Their economic lifestyles can be divided to relief-type, savings-type, pension-type and property-type.2. awareness/ unawareness of gender and inequality life course, each of the study participants feels different on gender awareness from the experience of life. But from a feminist perspective, almost all of the study participants gone through different levels of inequality oriented. Including: educational opportunities, the status of the household and labor market inequality. Accustomed to the role of caregiver , they ignore their own interests, nor perceive their care needs.3. Reasons of stayed unmarried vary with Life stages and cohort. Different life stages like marring age and middle age；economic, social culture and the way to choose spouse made different unmarried reason between cohorts.4. Life courses of living alone are related to the stage of life development, both personal and relatives. The result follows four kinds of path. While there're no health problems need to be considered, lifestyle of living alone will be formed because of personal career, parent's death and brotherhood's marriage which create the situation of without family members to live with.5. Female unmarried elders living alone vary with social network relationship. These elders' kinship rely on parents and brothers. Parents' or brother's death affect the development of family relationship. Parent's death on different life development also impact differently. The social relationship of participants showed 3 types : (1) spot type (2) vertical type (3) horizontal type.6. Perceptual support has important meaning on female unmarried elders living alone. Generally speaking , the researches on the social support of elders were partial on affective, substance and information. None of the participants of this research live together with relatives or friends makes them in lack of handy and social normative on the three supports previously mentioned. On the contrary, perceptual support makes female unmarried elders living alone have faith on social support which means a lot on their sense of security toward life.7. Different cohort of Female unmarried elders living alone has difference items and point of view on the preparation for old age. For example, the participants of this research who born on the baby boom have more diverse financial manage tools then participants born on ex-baby boom. Except savings, they still have foundation, stock, insurance and houses.8. The principle of agency can be the core and individualized among life course theory. The 7 principles of life course theory affect the development of life experiences. Each principles works interactively, by not vertically nor proportionally cause different life experiences. The principle of agency is the core of these 7 principles while other 6 are only assist or restrict the work of the principle of agency .keyword: life course theory, preparation for old age, reasons of stay unmarried, process of living alone, social relationship type, parents & sibling’s two-axis kinship, elder economic lifestyle, cohort difference |
