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Title: | 消費、身體、生命政治:鴉片與中國救亡現代性 |
Other Titles: | Consumption, Body, and Biopolitics: Opium and the Modernity of National Salvation in China |
Authors: | 黃宏昭 Huang, Hung-chao |
Contributors: | 朱元鴻 Chu, Yuan-Horng 東海大學社會學系 |
Keywords: | 消費;身體;生命政治;鴉片;現代性;視覺 Consumption;Body;Biopolitics;Opium;Modernity;Vision |
Date: | 2012 |
Issue Date: | 2013-01-02T03:35:48Z (UTC)
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Abstract: | 本論文旨在探討鴉片與中國救亡現代性開展的關係,思考中國從鴉片化到去鴉片化救亡過程的現代性轉型,這一問題意識是既有鴉片相關研究較缺乏的面向。整個研究涉及鴉片在中國兩百餘年所引發的癮、商品消費和習性控制的國家管治關係,以及去除鴉片造成身體、生命、人口素質和國家政經秩序危害,所引發的國族救亡的現代性工程。所延伸的既是控制消費,也是控制身體和生命的政治過程,同時也是現代性開展的過程。在鴉片禍害脈絡下,整個中國的現代性進程則環繞在鴉片這種社會病態/疾病衍生的問題,以及如何去除病態以恢復正常秩序所建立起來。本文的主要分析面向:消費、身體和生命政治。重點:(一)、鴉片的消費與政治關係。從鴉片物質生活、消費景觀到如何建立官方反鴉片消費論述和羞恥政治以管治鴉片;(二)、鴉片身體與視覺遭遇的效應,如何形成恥感意識的自我建構以及身體視覺管治;(三)、亡國滅種如何成為生命政治根源,身體、生命、人口健康等生命政治作為如何促成中國救亡現代性開展。簡言之,本論文認為:鴉片與中國救亡現代性開展,就是鴉片化到去鴉片的救亡過程,透過消費政治、視覺/身體政治和生命政治的救亡方式進入現代性議程,亡國滅種、恥感意識是促動救亡現代性的內在動力。這些要素構成本論文討論的主軸。 論文章節結構計分五章,除導論、結論,主體討論分三章。根據論文研究旨趣、問題意識和分析面向的提出及回應,討論安排如下: (一)、第二章討論面向,管治鴉片:鴉片的消費/政治。分析重點包括,(1).鴉片的消費景觀。瞭解鴉片的社會生命和日常化現象;鴉片的消費人口;鴉片的供銷體系運作;鴉片消費者的需求如何以及鴉片的日常功能,說明鴉片何以成為大眾的日常生活經驗;(2).食妖亡國:鴉片的消費政治。探討鴉片如食妖亡國,導致消費政治介入;官方如何建立反鴉片消費論述,形成官方定義鴉片的品味標準,對鴉片進行罪責和禁制;最後如何形成一套以國族救亡導向的品味政體;(3).社會品味:鴉片時尚流風。探討鴉片做為一種社會時尚,成為大眾追慕仿效的對象。這股鴉片是尚風潮由上而下傳染,促成鴉片消費的普及;再者,深入鴉片如何成為一種品味,鴉片吸食如何構作出精緻的物質文化和儀式;此外鴉片煙館也成為一種複合式的休閒社交空間;以煙宴友更是當時社會風尚,成為一種獨特的鴉片吸食的社會互動行為;(4).從時尚到羞恥政治。探討鴉片品味的轉折;如何透過鴉片詬病化和罪責化,形成羞恥策略,改變人民以吸鴉片為恥,而非時尚體面之舉;這種品味風尚轉變,正是恥感意識社會化的作用。(二)、第三章討論面向,恥感建構:視覺化的鴉片/身體與救亡。分析重點包括,(1).身體的視覺建構。東西方視覺遭遇,相互醜化、妖魔化現象;如何建構病態鴉片鬼身體為恥感的身體;(2).視覺現代性下的啟蒙與恥感。探討在看、被看與自我觀看間,如何形成啟蒙和恥感意識;同時探討觀看政體下身體的理論概念;(3).展覽會:從視覺化恥辱到象徵性救亡。探討清末中國進入萬國博覽會,如何在全球視線下成為現代性它者;鴉片出展,如同在全球視線下建構出恥感國體;重商主義的清末中國,如何重視賽會興商功能,其目的在國富民裕,賽會也成為視覺化的國富之道;愛用國貨,國貨展出,如同象徵性的視覺救亡行動;(4).視覺管治:抓出鴉片身體。首先探討常態視覺秩序運作;再尋找是否有不受管治的鴉片身體的可能;最後,人人皆可做視覺警察,對周遭的身體/鴉片進行視覺管治和裁絕。強化了視覺政治的控制力量。(三)、第四章討論面向,救亡現代性:強國保種下的生命政治。分析重點包括,(1).亡國滅種:生命政治根源。分析鴉片造成兵弱銀荒、種族滅絕威脅、成為革命建國障礙,這些因素構成了亡國滅種的隱憂,也成為中國救亡的歷史因素,導致現代性生命政治的開展;(2).從生命鴉片化到生命政治化。從個人到國家,中國歷經兩百餘年鴉片化過程,最後進入去鴉片化的救亡過程,透過健康、醫療、人口品質管理、公共衛生體制建立等現代性生命政治技術,進行強國保種的中國救亡工程。然而,在救亡框架下,個人身體、整體人口生命也納入國家管理,也就是生命的政治化和國家化;(3).去鴉片化社會:尋找不正常人。探討鴉片與不正常人口關係。鴉片生理危害擴及下一代人口數量和品質,引起滅種之憂,優生保種、控制生育觀念作法乃隨之而起,納入了生命政治治理範疇;人口-政治經濟構想的提出,以救中國之弊。歷代知識份子針對積弱中國,提出人口管理、政治經濟治理的藍圖,以解決中國問題;尋找非我族類,排除種族優生下的不正常人。西方演化論、優生學、遺傳學說的介入,以實踐中國保種強種目標。而極端的種族衛生思想也在此時出現;去鴉片化,就是去除不正常狀態的生命政治,也是中國救亡,國族強盛的根本之法;(4).健康的必要:保衛身體,保衛國族。探討健康政治,讓煙民、廢民都成為健康公民;尚武體育,以改造病夫,這是健康的開始;保衛健康,保衛國家,既是健康啟蒙,也透過健康救亡中國;至於公共衛生的推廣和體制建立,無疑構成救種、救國、救亡的現代性工程。公共衛生的社會化和國家化,讓國家得以透過醫療體制進行個別身體、集體生命的干預,這些作為體現在日常生活的食衣住行,構成了日常生活的衛生政治;最後則是保衛母體最後保衛母體,從強國保種的觀點,母體及下一代是國家的根基,強調育種救國的健康技術是救亡框架下必然之舉,其作法諸如產婦孕育、生產、育嬰的醫療衛生和家庭照養環境。 The main concern of this dissertation is the relationship between opium and the modernity of national salvation in China. Opium was a special material in the early modern China. It was traditional medicine and habitus, but at the same time, it was harmful to body and life , and leading to social and economy problems, and even wars. Opium contributed to the negative images of Chinese as weak and dangerous people, and equaled to let the state perish as we knew. In other words, opium was portrayed as a danger to the health of the individual and the nation. Although opium smoking had been prohibited, but it still remained legal trade under government supervision for years, because opium was an excellent source of revenue. So that, it was a threat to the state-building and the national survival. It is the problematique of this dissertation how to develop from opiumization to de-opiumization and how to develop the modernity of national salvation in China. The issues involved are including addiction, commodity consumption, state control, and national salvation. Furthermore, it is not only national salvation but also transformation of modernity. Several studies have been made on finance, economic benefits, global trade, foreign relations or state-making. But the relationship between opium and the modernity of national salvation has never been studied so far. After studied a lot of historical documents, we see the process of modernization in China was surrounded by opium as the social pathologies, and moreover, how to remove the pathological situation restore to order of normal. Further, this dissertation is concerned how to control opium consumption, how to police opium body, how to govern life, and how to carry out the process of modernization. We may consider the subject under the following heads: (A) how to get a grip on the relationship between opium consumption and politics, and the process of policing opium; (B) how the visual effects of opium body formed the sense of shame and the policing vision on the body; (C) how biopolitics constructed the modernity of national salvation in China. In summary, the process of opium and the modernity of national salvation was the process from opiumization to de-opiumization. Through opium we understand that the modernization of China was built of salvation in consumption politics, visual / body politics, and biopolitics. Furthermore, the sense of crisis of ‘ruin the state and destroy the race’ and the sense of shame constituted the inner motivation of modernity in China. |
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