| Abstract: | 摘要 在日常生活中不難發覺，人們對牽涉死亡之議題是有所忌諱的。然，死亡屬於生存現象，只要是人，皆有一死，究竟人們在迴避的是什麼？本文透過海德格（Martin Heidegger, 1889-1976）的著作《存有與時間》（Sein und Zeit; Being and Time），旨在進行下列追問： 一、何謂「Dasein」，有何特性？ 二、為何日常生活中的人們通常是沉淪（Verfallen, Falling）著？ 三、存有與死亡有何關聯？對死亡的看法不同，會不會改變人們存有狀態？ 四、在死亡的迫近下，人們是否還能自由？ 歷經二次世界大戰的德國哲學家海德格，在其著作《存有與時間》中稱能夠對存有發問的人為「Dasein」。透過現象學詮釋，Dasein 的特質是「去存有」（Zu-sein），而其存有具「向來我屬性」（Jemeinigkeit）。Dasein 與世界的關係並非傳統哲學所言的物我兩分，而是 Dasein 在世界中存有，世界是因 Dasein 所需而相互指向開展出的關係脈絡。 關於死亡，海德格提出自己獨到的見解：人們是無從選擇的被拋（geworfen, thrown）於世，並且乃是「向死亡存有」的存有者，活著的同時，亦是死著（Sterben, dying）的。要如何喚醒那個平日總是沉淪的自己？如何才能領會自己隨時背負著最本己的可能性──死亡，正視自己正在趨向死亡的殘酷事實？ 海德格說，「畏」（Angst, anxiety）此種現身情態（Befindlichkeit, state-of-mind）可以讓 Dasein 有無家感（Unheimlichkeit, uncanny），了解到存有是屬於自己的，每個決定都是自己的選擇，學會對自己負責，方能恢復本己存有（eigentliche Existenz, authentic existence）的狀態。在死亡兌現前，受事實性（Faktizit?t, facticity）的限制下，自由的抉擇屬己的可能性。關鍵詞： 海德格、存有、死亡、此有、沉淪、畏、本己
Summary: Is not difficult to find that the subject of death is somewhat a taboo in everyday life. However, death is just a part of life; as long as people exist, the event is determined to be unavoidable. Based on Heidegger’s “Being and Time” (1927), this thesis intends to address the following questions: 1. What is the characteristic of “Dasein” by Heidegger? 2. Why are people usually falling in everyday life? 3. What is the association between being and death? Do different views of death change the state of Being? 4. Are people still free on the approach of death? Experienced World War II, the German philosopher Martin Heidegger (1889-1976), in his book, “Being and Time” indicates that the being who gives the access to the question of being is called “Dasein”. Through the phenomenological interpretation, Dasein has the distinction of “Zu-sein” (To-be), which possesses “Jemeinigkeit”. Dasein's relationship with the world, by Heidegger, is not the traditional philosophy of opposition between subject and object, but Dasein being in the world. The world stretches out the relationship network because of Dasein's requirements. Heidegger put forward his own unique views regarding death: people have no choice but to be thrown to the world as well as being towards death. They are dying as long as they exist. How do we wake up ourselves who always fall in everyday life? How can we understand our burden of death and face the brutal fact of our being towards death? Heidegger said, “anxiety” is a kind of state-of-mind that makes Dasein uncanny, understand being is his own, every decision is his own choice, learn to be responsible for himself in order to restore authentic existence and under the constraint of facticity (Faktizit?t), freely choose the possibility of his own before death.Keywords:Heidegger, Being, Death, Dasein, Falling, Anxiety, eigentlich |
