| Abstract: | 本文運用認知語言學的「原型」 (prototype)，以「原型效應」（prototype effects 或 typicality effects）為著力點，採用「認知研究」分析「母親」範疇原型。本文不以數據分析統計為佐證，而以「母親」生物母性、社會母職、母愛、母權為理路初步建構「母親」的模式群集，再以古典長篇小說名篇《紅樓夢》為文本驗證「母親」的認知原型。為避免研究方法、理論對文本分析產生循環論證的困境，本文從認知本質「身體經驗、社會文化」出發，建構「母親」模式群集；並全面列表分析《紅樓夢》母親角色相關事件引文，解析文本有標概念「無母」、「母」相關概念構詞、母親「角色」等之原型效應，以驗證「母親」模式群集，最終對前文建構的「母親認知原型」提出修正。本文同時探查與驗證認知語言學的原型觀點，結論先對「認知原型」理論與運用提出省思，次歸納「母親」認知原型的普適模式、高頻模式。本文對「認知原型」理論與運用的省思有二點，第一、原型需符合社會定型化期待：原型的模式群集不僅需存在必備的「普適模式」，同時也得具有符合社會定型化期待的「高頻模式」，範疇愈多高頻模式其典型性愈高。第二、範疇決定模式數量與類型：範疇包含「普適模式、高頻模式、特有模式」，普適模式決定主體是否合格納入範疇，所含高頻模式的多少影響主體的範疇典型性。範疇模式簡化程度取決於範疇大小；大範疇的普適模式簡化程度高，包含高頻模式類型多；小範疇的普適模式簡化程度低，包含高頻模式類型少。確認範疇模式類型可用以解讀文本角色的互動，模式多寡與類型的掌握有助決定研究範圍。「母親」普適模式主要是生物母性「性別、孕育、衍生」等模式，高頻模式以社會母職「照顧、教導、保護、情感、生活管理」等模式為主，其中又以「情感模式」最接近核心。將認知語言學「原型理論」運用於文本研究是新的文學研究方式，認知語言學的「原型效應」觀點提供了由「文本內證」研究文本的可能；以長篇小說作為語言分析對象也提供充足線索脈絡檢視語言學模式群集的層次性。
By means of the “prototype” of cognitive linguistics, the study focuses on the prototype effects (or typicality effects) and analyzes “mother” category prototype by “cognitive study”. Rather than finding evidence from data analysis and statistics, the study initially constructs “mother” model cluster with a clue including mother’s biological motherhood, social motherhood, maternal love and matriarchy, and then verifies mother’s cognitive prototype based on the text of the classical novel “Honglou meng”. To avoid tautological dilemma toward the analysis caused by research methods and theories, this study starts from the cognitive nature of “body experience and social culture” to construct “mother” model cluster, and verify the cluster by comprehensively analyzing event citations related to mother roles in “Honglou meng” and parsing the concepts morphology related to “without mother” and “with mother” as well as the prototype effects of mother “role”. Finally corrections are proposed on “mother cognitive prototype” constructed in advance. This study also explores and verifies the prototype opinions in cognitive linguistics. In the conclusion part, it proposes reflection on theory and application of “cognitive prototype”, and then induces the universal mode and high-frequency mode of “mother” cognitive prototype.This study has two points of reflections on the theory and application of “cognitive prototype”. First, the prototype must meet the expectations of social stereotypes. That is, the prototype model cluster not only needs the necessary “universal mode”, but also has to comply with the “high-frequency mode” expected by social stereotypes; the more the categories are, the more typical the higher-frequency mode is. Second, category determines the number and type of the modes. Category contains “universal mode”, “high-frequency mode” and “unique mode”. Universal mode determines whether the main subject is qualified for being incorporated in the category; the number of high-frequency mode affects the category typicality of the subject. Simplified degree of category mode depends on the size of category. Universal mode with large category has high simplified degree and includes more types of high-frequency mode, while universal mode with small category has low simplified degree and includes fewer types of high-frequency mode. The confirmation of category mode type can be used to interpret the interaction of text roles; a grasp of the number and type of modes helps determine research scope. The universal mode of “mother” is mainly biological motherhood mode of “gender, breeding and derivation”; high-frequency mode is mainly social motherhood mode of “care, teaching, protection, emotion and life management”, among which “emotional mode” is the closest to the core. It’s a new way of literary studies to apply the “prototype theory” in cognitive linguistics in the study, and the view of “prototype effects” in cognitive linguistics provides the possibility of studying the text by “interior evidence of the text”; taking the long novel as the linguistic analysis object also provides adequate clues to review the hierarchy of linguistic mode cluster. |
