《卜辭「侑」、「有」、「又」相關研究─以句法、語意、語用、構形的互動為例》

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Title:	《卜辭「侑」、「有」、「又」相關研究─以句法、語意、語用、構形的互動為例》
Other Titles:	A Study on Oracle Bone Inscriptions 侑 (you;to assist, to urge), 有 (you;to have), and又 (you;also) Using Syntax, Semantics, Pragmatics, and Figures of Writing.
Authors:	羅慧君 Lo,Hui-Chun
Contributors:	朱歧祥 Chu,Ki-Chueng 中國文學系
Keywords:	構形;語用;語意;句法 Figures;Pragmatics;Semantics;Syntax
Date:	2013
Issue Date:	2014-02-19
Abstract:	甲骨文的「」與「」兩字表達了「侑」、「有」、「又」等詞彙，其義為「勸進祖先進食」之「侑」；「存有」、「擁有」之「有」；連詞用法之「又」。　　語意層次僅就詞彙的自然意義說明，並搭配構形作為研究。如「侑」為「勸進祖先用饗」的祭儀，「有」字本義為手形。句法層次利用論元結構說明動詞的類別，如「侑」祭屬於二元動詞，存有以及擁有之「有」為二元動詞，呈現之「有」為一元動詞。另外，「有+名詞」中的「有」可為前綴以及動相的成就標誌。「有+動詞」中的「有」屬情態助動詞，為實然的用法。「又」字句為並列的連詞結構。語用層次利用焦點、以及語言情境、情境說明卜辭的語言現象。有關句法、語意、語用、構形的互動研究。首先，論及句法、語意的互動。利用論元結構與論旨腳色界定「侑」屬於單賓動詞。運用句法象似性說明連祭中的祭儀在線性順序中反映了時間序列。其次，提及句法、語用的互動。運用詞組結構測試以及句法移位說明卜辭線性順序的變動來自於焦點以及主題的呈現。並藉由句法中的空語類說明卜辭的省略屬於語用層次。命辭在語用環境底下，可利用陳述句結構表達疑問語氣。「又」字句排除語用上的省略，可連接兩個名詞詞組，亦可連接兩個謂語。最後，闡述句法、語意、語用、構形的互動。當「侑伐」連祭時，「伐」字在句法範疇可歸為名詞與動詞，因其構形與詞義的緊密配合，分別可為「伐祭」與「伐牲」。又因語用上的省略，句法結構中的「伐」祭，可蘊含其後出現的數詞或祭牲為「伐」牲；詞組結構中的「伐牲」，亦可蘊含該句所施行的祭儀為伐祭。 In oracle bone script, the words and mean “you” (to assist or urge), “you” (to have) and “you” (also), respectively. “侑” (you; to assist or to urge) is used when urging the ancestors to eat, “有” (you; to have) denotes existence or possession, and “又” (you; also) is used as a conjunction. The semantics of these vocabulary words were explained in literal definitions combined with word configurations. For example, the character “to assist or urge (侑)” resembles the ritual practice of urging the ancestors to eat, and the word “to have (有)” resembles the shape of a hand. To understand the syntax of these words, we used argument structure to explain the categories of the verbs. For example, “to assist or urge (侑)” worship is a transitive verb; “to have (有),” which denotes existence and possession is a transitive verb, and “to have (有),” which denotes appearance is an intransitive verb. Furthermore, “to have (有)” in “‘to have (有)’ + noun” can serve as a prefix and phase achievement indication. Conversely, the “to have ” in “‘to have (有)’ + verb” is a situation-based auxiliary verb that reflects realis moods. “Also (又)” is used as a parallel conjunction that connects words and phrases. To understand the pragmatics of these words, we used the focus method and language and actual contexts to explain the linguistic phenomena of oracle bone script. In this study, we analyzed the interactive relations among syntax, semantics, pragmatics, and configuration. To analyze interaction between syntax and semantics, we used argument structure and semantic roles, defining “to assist or urge (侑)” as a one-object transitive verb. Employing syntactic iconicity, we explained that the rituals practiced in worship reflected the linear order of time. By using syntax and pragmatics analysis, involving phrase structure tests and syntactic movement, we elucidated that the change in the linear order of oracle bone script originated from the demonstration of focus and topic. In addition, we used the empty category classified under syntax to clarify that the omission in the oracle bone scripts occurred at the pragmatic level. The oracle scripts in a pragmatic environment can be expressed in a declarative sentence structure to convey questions. “Also (又)” enables omission at the pragmatics level and can be used to connect two nouns or two predicates. Finally, we elaborated on the interactive relations among syntax, semantics, pragmatics, and configurations. When “侑伐” (you fa; urging the ancestors to eat) is used during worship, the character “伐” can be categorized as a noun or a verb. Because the configuration and semantics are closely related, they can be used to represent “伐祭” (fa ji; worship) and “伐牲” (fa sheng; sacrifice). Because of the pragmatic omission, “fa ji” in the syntactic structure may beget numbers or the term” fa sheng.” The term “fa sheng” in the phrase structure can also embody the ritual that is being practiced.
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