馬來西亞社區營造之現況與困境： 以居鑾市為例，2013-2017

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Title:	馬來西亞社區營造之現況與困境：以居鑾市為例，2013-2017
Other Titles:	The current situation and difficulty of community development in Malaysia: A case study of Kluang city, 2013-2017
Authors:	曾文誠 CHAN WILSON
Contributors:	陳正慧 Chen, Cheng-hui Lucy 社會學系
Keywords:	馬來西亞;社區營造;多元族群;政黨政治;地方性認同 Malaysia;Community Development;Multi-ethnic;Party Politics;Place-based Identity
Date:	2019
Issue Date:	2019-03-21T09:03:48Z (UTC)
Abstract:	本文以位於柔佛州的居鑾市為主要探討對象，透過參與觀察及深度訪談，去探討2013年至2017年的社區營造（社造）能否成為多元族群的馬來西亞在政黨政治鬥爭、日益嚴重的種族隔閡之外，重建馬來西亞社會和諧的「第三條路」。因此，我的研究問題是，在多元的大馬社會中，以華裔為主體性的社區營造要如何推動與發展？也探討在種族意識分明的社會與政治環境中，會如何影響其運作？以及主其事者是否能夠推動以容納各個族群前來參與的社區營造？2013 年大選，在野的行動黨罕見贏得了居鑾區國會議席，華裔出身的國會議員與其團隊成立「居鑾社區中心」，並推動以借鑒台灣的社區營造理念為其政治服務基礎。此後，做為執政黨的馬華公會也跟隨行動黨的作風，並結合公家單位共同協作，試圖阻止在野黨的勢力繼續擴張，將政治資本轉換為選票，「社區」最終成了居鑾政黨政治的競爭場域。與此同時，以社區營造為理念的組織仍如雨後春筍般在居鑾及其他城市出現；以傳統華人社群意識為主的華團組織，雖然在社造的推動上沒有實際參與，但其在現代社區意識的推動過程中也給予間接性的輔助。研究發現，行動黨所推行的社造行動主要以活動的形式來作為發展要素，試圖去創造地方人民對於家鄉的在地性認同；馬華公會此後也開始加入了「社區營造」行列，透過政府的撥款，試圖創造一個融合各族的公共空間，但在此後，行動黨所提出的活動申請都皆被駁回，以致無法繼續推動其社造理念。以上兩者同樣除了都以創造全民參與的理念為目標之外，也透過了社區營造來做為其政治上的實踐方式，故在這種政治氛圍下所運行的社區營造實質理念能否被落實，以塑造自由、民主的價值觀是值得存疑的。政黨之外的以華裔群體為首的民間團體則透過以「社會改造」及「情感維繫」的行動意義，扭轉了居鑾市在各種活動辦理上的理念方向。此外，在居鑾以外的其他參照地點，則分別以經濟發展、地方認同的型塑及公共空間的理念來發展他們的社區營造。值得注意的是，地方上政黨政治的競爭程度，影響著大馬當地社造的推行。最後，在借鑒台灣社區營造的實作過程中，亦不能忽略對其不足之處的反思，並且在借鑒的過程中，需要不時與在地性的特質進行對話，進而營造出最適合當地的社區。 The research site of this thesis is Kluang, a town located at the center of the Johor state, Malaysia. Participant observation and in-depth interview have been the cornerstone methods of this thesis, to investigate whether community development could be the so-called “third way” for Malaysia to rebuild a harmonious society in the face of the conflicts between political parties and significant racial segregations. Thus, the core research question of this thesis is: Would a community development led by the Malaysian Chinese could be developed in a diverse Malaysian society? Moreover, how does a nation of racial awareness and political interruptions bring influence on community development? Does the leader of the community development project be able to rally and unite people from the diverse ethnic fabric of Malaysians?　　In the 2013 Malaysian General Election, the Democratic Action Party (DAP), one of the opposition parties had successfully won the Parliament seat of Kluang district. This Parliament member, a Malaysian Chinese, and his team had established the Kluang Community Center. He propagated the idea of community development which learned from Taiwan and adopted this approach as the foundation of political service. Later, the Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA), one of the ruling parties decided to follow in the DAP's footsteps—community development— as their political service. The MCA and the government institution went together determined to stop the DAP spreading its prominent influence across Kluang. "Community" had eventually become the competitive field of political parties in Kluang. At the same time, organizations which embraced the idea of community development at Kluang and other cities has arisen. Whereas, many Chinese associations and community with conservative mindset, did provide indirect assistance in constructing contemporary community awareness, although they did not practically contribute in the development of community building. 　　The research found that the designated community development events and activities of the DAP served as the primary form of activity. They took pains to mobilize people and strived hard to create a place-based identity for Kluang community; whereas the MCA took full advantage of the government financial support, initiated projects aiming to beautify local places. Also, they promoted “community development” through the idea of space reconstruction. In similarities, both parties were targeting on people's participation. They also integrated the ideology of community development as a tool of both parties' political service. Therefore, it was doubtful whether the genuine ideology of community development has been implemented, the values of freedom and democracy are instilled in the community of Kluang. Besides, many Chinese organizations incorporated the ideas of “social transformation” and “emotion ties” in their action means which does not serve the ideology of community development in Kluang's events and activities. Moreover, other cities in Malaysia developed their community development through economic development, local identity, and public spaces. The fascinating part was that the strong competition between local parties could influence the development of community development. Furthermore, as to ensure the ideal method of community development in Malaysia, it is crucial to discern Taiwan community building’s weaknesses and to consider the characteristic of the local in the process of taking Taiwan as an example.
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