基於頭骨形質與生長軌跡探討臺灣野豬、 家豬與其雜交個體的頭骨差異

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Title:	基於頭骨形質與生長軌跡探討臺灣野豬、家豬與其雜交個體的頭骨差異
Other Titles:	The Craniological Differences among Taiwanese Wild Boar (Sus scrofa taivanus), Domestic Pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) and their Hybrids based on Cranial Morphology and Growth Trajectory.
Authors:	陳威佑 CHEN, WEI-YU
Contributors:	林良恭 LIN, LIANG-KONG 生命科學系
Keywords:	頭骨異速生長;動物考古學;牙齒萌發模式;岡波茨曲線 Allometric Cranial Ontogeny;Zooarchaeology;Teeth Eruption Sequence;Gomperz Curve
Date:	2019
Issue Date:	2019-12-16T03:00:28Z (UTC)
Abstract:	由於豬科（Suidae）中的代表性物種，野豬（Sus scrofa）和家豬（Sus scrofa domesticus）具高度適應韌性和長期牽涉人類經濟活動，在相對較短的時間內，在世界各地成為最廣泛和最重要的大型動物。現代形態測量研究應用於考古豬骨遺留的主要困難尚未完全解決，因為前者的比較基礎並不健全而後者往往支離破碎。本研究的目的是找出更易於表徵這些物種的標準來評估其形態和尺寸變異。本研究使用共71個能夠代表這些豬隻的基本頭骨形狀和比例的頭骨測量值與年齡、性別和飼養型等5個非形質變量進行了1782顆野豬、2955顆家豬和987顆雜交個體頭骨的差異鑑別。所有豬隻皆購買自核心種畜場、種畜繁殖場、肉品市場（商業生產場）、屠宰場以及獵人等。頭骨已經常規方法備好進行測量，包括去除皮和軟組織、在水中浸漬和在有機溶劑中脫脂。基於所使用的形質變量：（壹）進行曲線擬合分析以定義生長軌跡的最佳擬合模型；（貳）完成牙齒年表的X射線電腦斷層掃描分析；（參）自動分群各形質與分類變量數據的聚類分析；（肆）擷取主要影響分群結果的形質變量的主成份分析；（伍）建立可最佳化應用於考古遺留的期望效用決策策略的決策分析（決策樹和隨機森林）；（陸）用於模型建立和驗證的數據分割。研究結果發現，與野豬相比，家豬的生長速率快3倍左右，而牙齒萌發時間則慢1.6倍。狹長且低矮輪廓為野豬頭骨之經典鑑定形質；然而，家豬和野豬的頭骨形質會受飼養型差異的影響，在過去的文獻中未提及。三種類型的豬隻可通過（壹）下顎骨：下顎骨角至骨聯合縫最前點的長度（LA）、下顎全長（UL）與下顎髁突至骨聯合縫最前點的長度（LC）；（貳）牙齒：下顎第二臼齒牙弓與齒縫間的長度（LM2IL）和下顎第三臼齒的長度（M3L）；（參）顱骨：鼻骨間點至枕骨大孔的頭骨全長（CTL）和上頷全長（LL）；（肆）骨礦密度：骨氟化物（BF）和琺瑯氟化物（EF）所區分。這些標本的鑑定只需兩個步驟，即下顎骨和下顎前牙間的角度（UBACA）與下顎角和第三臼齒間的下顎支長度（LR），兩者都與咬肌（咀嚼肌）的大小高度相關，意味著咀嚼效用差異在鑑別之重要性。最後根據臺灣1860年代古笨港遺址崩溪缺地點的測試結果，我們的方法可以在野豬、家豬和雜交個體中提供可量化且明確的分類，對動物考古研究具有重要意義，且為詮釋早期樣本的應用提供一個更有力的基準。 Highly adaptable and long involved in human economic activities, wild boar (Sus scrofa) and domestic pig (Sus scrofa domesticus), two of the most representatives of the swine (Suidae) family, have emerged in a relatively short span of time as the most widespread and essential animals across the world. The main difficulties in the application of modern morphometric studies to archaeological pig-bone remains have not been totally tackled, owing to the former comparative basis are unsound and the latter are often fragmented. The objectives of this research are to assess the great morphological and size variabilities using criteria that could readily be applied to characterize these subspecies. 71 craniometric measurements have been made characterizing both the basic skull shapes and proportions with 5 non-morphological variables were carried to 1782 wild boar, 2955 domestic pig and 987 hybrids individuals. All pigs’ carcasses were bought from elite breeders, seedstock producers, meat markets, abattoirs and hunters. The skulls have been prepared for measurement by routine methods including removal of hide and soft tissues, maceration in water and degreasing in organic solvents. Based on the values of data used: 1) Curve fitting analysis has been made to define a best fit model for growth trajectory; 2) X-ray computed tomography scan analysis to complete dental chronology; 3) Cluster analysis to automatically specify the relationship of the observations with each other; 4) Principal component analysis to capture morphological variables that mainly affect clustering results; 5) Decision analyses (Decision Tree & Random Forest) to help identify a strategy to optimize expected utility decision that can be applied to those from archaeological remains; 6) Data partitioning for model development and validation.It has been found out that growth rate is 3 times faster in domestic pig whereas teeth eruption time is 1.6 times slower comparing to wild boar. The elongated skull with low-profile as classical morphology for wild boar identification; however, the variation of cranial morphology associated with different housing types, it could be easily confused in past literatures. These subspecies could be told apart by 1) Mandible: length from the angle to anterior-most point of symphysis (LA), length of mandible (UL) and length from the condyle to anterior-most point of symphysis (LC); 2) Teeth: arch length between M2 and interdentale of the mandible (LM2IL) & length of the lower third molar (M3L); 3) Cranium: total length of the skull, internasal point to foramen magnum (CTL) & length of maxilla (LL); 4) Bone mineral concentration: mandibular bone fluoride concentration (BF) & enamel fluoride concentration (EF). The identification of these specimens only needs two steps, by the angle between lower border and anterior couture of mandible (UBACA) and LR, both highly correlated to the size of masseter muscle, which represent the importance of mastication utility difference in identification. According to the archaeological remains tested from Benghsichueh area of Gubengang site of Taiwan in the 1860s, our methods can provide a quantifiable, clear classification among wild, domestic and hybrid Sus scrofa, with significant implications for zooarchaeological research, and their application a stronger baseline for the interpretation of ancient materials.
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