DDT及其衍生物與多氯聯苯在台灣地區土壤、蚯蚓及鼴鼠體內殘留量之研究

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Title:	DDT及其衍生物與多氯聯苯在台灣地區土壤、蚯蚓及鼴鼠體內殘留量之研究
Other Titles:	Residue and Accumulation of Dichloro-Diphenyl-Trichloroethane (DDT) and Its Metabolites and Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) in Soils, Earthworms, and Moles in Taiwan
Authors:	詹坤潔 Chan, Kun-Jie
Contributors:	林良恭、尤少彬 Lin, Liang-Kong;Yo, Shao-Pin 東海大學生命科學系
Keywords:	多氯聯苯;有機氯殺蟲劑;食物鏈;土壤;蚯蚓;鼴鼠 PCB;DDT;DDD;DDE;food-chain;soil;earthworm;mole
Date:	2005
Issue Date:	2011-05-19T08:01:49Z (UTC)
Abstract:	摘要有機氯殺蟲劑 (organochlorine pesticides)和多氯聯苯polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)在台灣陸域環境上的監測、與不同食物鏈階層中不同階層的濃縮狀況少有報導。本研究以土壤、蚯蚓和鼴鼠類(Mogera insularis, Mogera sp.) 之食物鏈不同階層來檢視台灣陸域生態系中有機氯合成物殘留量的狀況及探討其累積關係。於全台灣共設立七個採樣點，包括平地樣區：台北四獸山、彰化漢寶、花蓮志學、屏東內埔及台南二仁溪下游，高山樣區：南投塔塔加鹿林山莊及嘉義阿里山。並另外採集塔塔加地區的二葉松，雲杉和鐵杉林等森林土壤。所有樣本經萃取、淨化後使用氣相層析儀-電子捕捉偵測器(GC/ECD)分析樣本中所含有機氯劑含量。結果顯示平地的樣區中?DDT皆低於偵測極限 ( < 0.05 μg/kg)，並檢測出微量的PCBs (ND - 5.78 μg/kg)之殘留，高海拔樣區內皆可檢測出DDE。阿里山與塔塔加鹿林山莊則檢測出DDT。DDT及DDE殘留量以阿里山山葵田最高(8.37 ± 3.44 μg/kg；69.15 ± 26.60 μg/kg)。高山土壤中PCBs濃度以二葉松林最高(63.00 ± 19.95 μg/kg)。而蚯蚓體內之DDE殘留量僅於高山樣區檢測出，濃度最高為塔塔加75.9 μg/kg，在所有樣區中蚯蚓體內皆檢驗出PCBs，殘留量最低值為漢寶5.1 μg/kg，最高是阿里山山葵田111.9 μg/kg。鼴鼠體內DDE在肝及肌肉中平均濃度以四獸山最低(40.4 ± 19.4 μg/kg；9.0 ± 3.8 μg/kg)，PCBs在肝中最低樣點於花蓮志學村(101.1 ± 27.7 μg/kg)，在肌肉中則是在台北四獸山(45.8 ± 4.6 μg/kg)，而鼴鼠體內DDE及PCBs濃度最高之樣點皆為阿里山。肝中DDE及PCBs之殘留量分別為1784.2 ± 1108.3 μg/kg及1732.9 ± 337.1 μg/kg，而肌肉中DDE及PCBs之殘留量則是986.0 ± 779.4 μg/kg與496.0 ± 227.7 μg/kg。高海拔樣區在土壤、蚯蚓及鼴鼠三食物鏈階層之PCBs及?DDT濃度殘留量皆較低海拔樣區高。由土壤到蚯蚓的累積倍率在?DDT為0.7 - 2.3倍，PCBs為1.6-12.5倍，鼴鼠在肌肉中自蚯蚓累積?DDT的倍率為1.7 - 13.8倍，PCBs中是2.6 - 12.9倍。肝中自蚯蚓累積?DDT的倍率為16.2 - 24.9倍，而PCBs則是6.0 - 25.0倍。另外，本研究結果以此三階食物鏈中PCBs濃度得到之回歸模式，未來可用以推測其他地區蚯蚓、鼴鼠的累積量。多氯聯苯同類物之組成，在土壤中以6、7氯之多氯聯苯同類物所佔百分比最多，蚯蚓的同類物則以3、4氯為主，鼴鼠以3、7氯為主。本研究結果顯示高山農業活動地區有機氯劑殘留量較高，然高山無人為活動地區土壤中亦有殘留。而鼴鼠體內有機氯劑濃度之累積可能會對高階的捕食者造成負面影響。 Abstract There were few bioaccumulation research reports regarding to the bioaccumulation of organochlorine pesticides (DDT and metabolites) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the food chain of terrestrial ecosystem in Taiwan. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the residue accumulation of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the terrestrial environment by examining the concentrations of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in soils and the tissues of earthworms and moles (Mogera insularis, Mogera sp.). Samples were collected from seven sites including five low elevation sites (Sihshoushan, Taipei; Hambol, Changhua; Jhihsyue, Hualien; Neipu, Pingtung; and Erjen River, Tainan) and two high elevation sites (Lulin Cottage, Tatacha, Nantou and Wasabi Farm, Alishan, Chiayi) in Taiwan. Additional soil samples were collected from three alpine forests, pine, Taiwan spruce, and Chinese hemlock at Tatacha to check the residue status at environments with limited human disturbance. Samples were processed with Soxhelt extraction and clean up procedures before they were introduced into HP gas chromatography with ECD for analysis. ΣDDT were below detection limits at all soil samples collected from the low elevation sites. The total PCBs were at low concentrations: ranged from below detection limit to 5.78 μg/kg. DDE was detected in the samples collected from the high elevation sites and DDT was detected in the samples collected from Lulin Cottage and Wasabi Farm. The highest soil concentrations of DDE and DDT (8.37 ± 3.44μg/kg and 69.15 ± 26.60 μg/kg, respectively) were found in the samples of Wasabi Farm, Alishan. The highest concentration of the total PCBs in soil was found in the sample collected at Tatachia pine forest (63.00 ± 19.95 μg/kg). However, the DDE residue of earthworm was only detected in the samples collected from the mountain areas. The highest concentration was found in the earthworm sample of Lulin Cottage (75.9 μg/kg). The residue of PCBs in earthworm tissue was detected in all study sites: the lowest levels was found in the sample of Hambol (5.1 μg/kg) and the highest levels was found in the sample of Wasabi Farm (111.9 μg/kg). The lowest concentrations of DDE in mole liver and muscle tissue (40.4 ± 19.4 μg/kg and 9.0 ± 3.8 μg/kg, respectively) were found in the samples of Sihshoushan. While the lowest residue level of total PCBs in mole livers and muscle were found at Jhihsyue (101.1 ± 27.7 μg/kg for liver) and Sihshoushan (45.8 ± 4.6 μg/kg for muscle) respectively. However, the highest concentrations of DDE and PCBs residue in mole were found at Alishan. The DDE and total PCBs residue of liver were 1784.2 ± 1108.3 μg/kg and 1732.9 ± 337.1 μg/kg, respectively. While the DDE and total PCBs residue of muscle were 986.0 ± 779.4μg/kg and 496.0 ± 227.7 μg/kg. The concentrations of total PCBs and ?DDT in the three levels of food-chain at high altitude habitat were greater than the concentrations of total PCBs and ?DDT detected at low elevation habitat. The total DDT residues in earthworms were 0.7-2.3 times of the residues found in the soil sample. While the concentation of total PCBs in earthworms were 1.6-12.5 times of total PCBs residue in soil. The concentrations of ?DDT and total PCBs in mole muscle were1.7-13.8 and 2.6-12.9 times of the ?DDT and total PCBs residues found in earthworms respectively. The bioaccumulation factors of ?DDT and total PCBs from earthworm to the mole liver were16.2-24.9 and 6.0-25.0 respectively. The bioaccumulation regression model of PCBs established from this study can be applied to predict the residue concentration at higher trophic level such as mole at other study sites. The main component of PCB congeners in the soil samples were hexa- and hepta-PCBs. However, tri-PCBs and tetra-PCBs were the main component in the earthworm samples. While tri- and hepta-PCBs were the main component in mole samples. The residue levels of organochlorine were higher in the samples collected from the cultivated mountain areas than the residue levels of samples collected at the alpine forest with limited human activity. The accumulation of organochlorine residues in the food chain at high elevation habitat may affect the high trophic level of predators which consume mole as its food sources.
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