民間文學(Folk Literature)的基本特質,就是口傳性(orality),因此民間文學又常被稱為口傳文學。雖然「口傳」而稱「文學」,不論中文、英文都有矛盾,都是一個「矛盾修辭用語」(oxymoron),但是「口傳文學」或Oral literature 卻還是一個常被提起的學術慣用語(locution)。然而也就因為「口傳文學」「Oral Literature」構辭的內在矛盾,所以學界一般較為通用的還是「民間文學」或「Folk Literature」。雖然如此,但民間文學之本自口傳,卻還是形構了這一學科的特質。民間文學的本質既在口傳,口傳性便是它的第一特徵,而口語性到底會對民間文學的本身,特別是文本內容會有什麼樣的影響,也就是說,相對於文字書寫的作家文學,口傳的歌謠、故事會有怎樣的特殊風格,顯現出和作家文學的差異?因為這是一個很基本性的問題,可是中文學界卻一向只是在概論性的介紹中,泛泛的提及,對「口語性」或稱「口承性」,之對民間文學的真正影響究竟如何,至今難見進一步探討的論著。要了解民間文學的風格、特點,從其流傳的口承性做理解,是必然的而且基本的工作,因為其中牽涉的不只是呈現出來的文本(text),更牽涉到口語性(orality)和相關情境的問題,因此除了從已調查、采集的成果入手之外,更需研讀相關的各種理論著作。而由於筆者對一些重要的相關著作,已能大致有所把握,但是仍須有更多的閱讀、研究。 “Folklore Literature” is another name of “Oral Folklore”, sometimes it is called “Oral Literature”. Originally it comes from the English word “Folklore”. The “Folklore” and “Literature” is different. If the Literature’’s nature is from writing, Folklore is from orality. This study is specially on the research of orality of Folklore. The most important genres of folklore are folk song/ ballad and folk narratives (including myth, legend, folktale). Orality means the action of talking, telling; for audience, is to listen. Listening is very different from reading, it has the problem of memory. Oral literature, from ballad, folk song to folktale, all have the influence of orality/memory problem. The repetition, tripling, and formulaic expression are the nature of folklore. This research has given a good explanation for most problems of the orality of folklore.